Flight Instructor · Phase 2 · Lesson 17

Visual scanning, collision avoidance, and runway incursion avoidance

AI.II.BAI.II.CGround 0.75 hr · Dual 0 hr

FAA references verified 2026-08-13 · v1.0, 2026-08-13

CFI Candidate

Date

Supervising Instructor

Aircraft N41459 Warrior Ground only Flight time Ground time

Objective

The candidate teaches a scan a student can actually run, and teaches runway incursion avoidance as a procedure rather than as a warning.

Both subjects on this page are ones where instructors get killed, and both are usually taught as exhortation. "Keep a good lookout" is not a teachable method.

Ground: 0.75 hr | Dual: 0 hr

Lesson steps: the elements, in teaching order

Check each element as it is taught. Leave anything not done blank. Sign and date once at the bottom.

1. How the eye actually works: focal versus peripheral, empty field myopia, blind spot AI.II.BFAA-H-8083-25C 2. A scan pattern a student can run, and why time-sharing inside and outside matters AI.II.B 3. Collision avoidance: right of way, converging geometry, the aircraft that does not appear to move AI.II.B91.113 4. The instructor's own scan is degraded while teaching FI.I.F.R2 5. Runway incursion avoidance: signs, markings, lighting, hold short lines AI.II.C 6. Taxi procedures that prevent incursions: airport diagram, taxi clearance readback, positional awareness AI.II.C 7. Candidate teaches an assigned element to the Simulated Student US-4.1

Element 4 is the one this program adds and it is not optional. A CFI teaching from the right seat is looking at the panel, the student's hands, and the student's face. That is three places that are not outside. Candidates have never had to think about this because they have never had a job that competed with looking out.

Schedule

Block	Minutes
How the eye works, element 1	6
A runnable scan, element 2	8
Collision avoidance and right of way, element 3	8
The instructor's degraded scan, element 4	6
Runway incursion avoidance, elements 5 and 6	9
Candidate teaches, element 7	8
Total	45 minutes, 0.75 hours

Critique runs inside the final block.

Equipment

Instructor: an airport diagram for the home field. FAA-H-8083-25C. Live eCFR for 91.113. FAA-S-ACS-25 at AI.II.B and AI.II.C.

Candidate: preparation deliverable.

Capture

Taught Ground Lesson: yes Meeting title convention: CFI Ground Lesson - L17 Scanning and Runway Incursion - <YYYY-MM-DD> Participants: each on their own device, headset, Workspace account Candidate reads their own Session Transcript before the instructor's review Coverage maps to: AI.II.B, AI.II.C Fallback if capture fails: instructor attests from contemporaneous notes; the lesson is not lost and is not re-taught for the sake of a recording

Instructor actions

Teach elements 1 to 6. On element 5, use the actual airport diagram for the field the candidate will instruct at, not a generic one.
On element 4, be concrete. Ask the candidate what they were looking at during their lesson 13 landings. Most will realize they were inside more than they thought.
Simulated Student role. A student taxiing who reads back a clearance incorrectly, plausibly.
Assign the element for element 7 at the start of the lesson.
Critique against standards/CRITIQUE-STANDARD.md.

Regulation and North Aero policy

Item	Which
Right of way rules	Regulation, `91.113`
Required readback of hold short instructions	Regulation and ATC procedure
North Aero's sterile cockpit rule during taxi	School policy
North Aero's rule on stopping before every hold short line	School policy, stricter than required

Student actions

Arrive with the deliverable.
Teach an assigned element for about eight minutes.
Catch the Simulated Student's incorrect readback.
State how their own scan will be degraded when instructing, and what they will do about it.
Self-critique first.

Completion standards

Identical wording in the study guide.

The candidate teaches an assigned element for about eight minutes, giving a method a student could run rather than an instruction to be careful.
The candidate catches the incorrect taxi readback and corrects it without taking over.
The candidate states how their own scan degrades while instructing and names one specific mitigation they will use.
The candidate teaches a scan pattern with a stated timing, not "keep looking around".
The candidate uses the actual airport diagram for the field in question.
The candidate delivers a self-critique before hearing the instructor's.

Common errors

Error	Instructor response
"Keep a good lookout" as the teaching	Standard 4. Ask what the student does with that
Teaching the scan without the time-sharing problem	A student heads-down on the panel is not scanning
Never having considered their own degraded scan	Element 4. Expect this and teach it
Teaching signs and markings as a memory test	Standard 1. It is a taxi procedure
Taking the controls to fix a readback	Standard 2. Correct it, do not seize it
Using a generic airport diagram	Standard 5
Treating right of way as trivia	It is the thing they will apply in three seconds

Intervention threshold

Not applicable. Ground lesson.

Student preparation

Verbatim in the study guide.

Read:

FAA-S-ACS-25, Area of Operation II, Tasks B and C.
FAA-H-8083-25C, the sections on vision and collision avoidance, plus the October 2025 addendum.
From live eCFR: 91.113.
The airport diagram for the field you will instruct at.

Deliverable: Write the scan you will teach a student, as a sequence with timings. Then write, in two sentences, how your own scan will be worse when you are instructing from the right seat, and one thing you will do about that.

Worked example

Needed and not yet available: a real North Aero near-miss or incursion event, with what was learned. Owner: Erick. Until supplied, use the candidate's own lesson 13 flight, and ask what they were actually looking at.

Video Slots

None. This lesson teaches no maneuver.

This lesson is complete and deliverable whether or not its Video Slots are filled. It has none.

Assessment notes

Standard 3 is the one worth pressing. A candidate who has genuinely thought about their own degraded scan will fly phase 3 more safely.

Tracker Status set by the instructor, named, dated.

Definition of done

Traces to a story. US-4.1, US-3.5
Carries ACS tasks and Part 61 references
Completion standards are observable behavior, and the standard is a taught presentation
Common errors listed
Intervention threshold: not applicable, ground lesson, reason given
Student preparation named, in the student half
FAA references verified current, 2026-08-13
Passes the design system check
Appears in the program structure and coverage matrix, hours reconciling
Both halves exist
Video Slots: none, and the lesson says so
Vocabulary matches CONTEXT.md
No em dashes, no POH performance numbers, no pricing
Regulation distinguished from school policy explicitly (US-3.4)
Carries the Epic 12 capture hooks

Debrief and sign-off

Sign once for the whole lesson. Elements left unchecked above were not taught this session.

Supervising Instructor signature / initials

Date

All CFI lessons